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application mathematics

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1 application mathematics
1. прикладная математика
прикладная математика
—
[Л.Г.Суменко. Англо-русский словарь по информационным технологиям. М.: ГП ЦНИИС, 2003.]

Тематики
- информационные технологии в целом
EN
- application mathematics
- applied mathematics
Англо-русский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > application mathematics
2 application mathematics

Вычислительная техника: прикладная математика

Универсальный англо-русский словарь > application mathematics
3 Application mathematics

Information Technology

பயன்பாட்டுக் கணிதம்

English-Tamil dictionary > Application mathematics
4 application

I

படிக்கேற்றம்

II

மனு, கோரிக்கை, மன ஒருமைப்பாடு

III

பயன்பாடு

IV

Information Technology

செயலி

V

Administration

விண்ணப்பம்; செயற்படுத்தல்

VI

Commerce

விண்ணப்பம்

VII

Chemistry

பயன்படுத்தல்

VIII

Chemistry

பயன்பாடு

IX

Chemistry

பிரயோகம்

X

Chemistry

பயன்

XI

Mathematics

செயற்பாடு

XII

Medicine

மற்பூச்சு

XIII

Medical

தடவுதல், அப்புதல், ஒற்றல்

XIV

Law

விண்ணப்பம்

XV

Chemical Engineering

பயன்பாடு

XVI

Electrical Engineering

பயன்முறை

XVII

Agriculture

பிரயோகம்

XVIII

Mathematics

பிரயோகம்

XIX

Mathematics

பயன்படுத்தல்

XX

விண்ணப்பபத்திரம்

XXI

விண்ணப்பம்

XXII

Computer

செயலி

English-Tamil dictionary > application
5 applied mathematics
1. прикладная математика
прикладная математика
—
[Л.Г.Суменко. Англо-русский словарь по информационным технологиям. М.: ГП ЦНИИС, 2003.]

Тематики
- информационные технологии в целом
EN
- application mathematics
- applied mathematics
Англо-русский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > applied mathematics
6 apply

1. transitive verb
1) anlegen [Verband]; auftragen [Creme, Paste, Farbe] (to auf + Akk.); zuführen [Wärme, Flüssigkeit] (to Dat.)

apply the brakes — bremsen; die Bremse betätigen

2) (make use of) anwenden

applied linguistics/mathematics — angewandte Sprachwissenschaft / Mathematik

3) (devote) richten, lenken [Gedanken, Überlegungen, Geist] (to auf + Akk.); verwenden [Zeit, Energie] (to auf + Akk.)

apply oneself [to something] — sich (Dat.) Mühe geben [mit etwas]; sich [um etwas] bemühen
2. intransitive verb
1) (have relevance) zutreffen (to auf + Akk.); (be valid) gelten

things which don't apply to us — Dinge, die uns nicht betreffen

2) (address oneself)

apply [to somebody] for something — [jemanden] um etwas bitten od. (geh.) ersuchen; (for passport, licence, etc.) [bei jemandem] etwas beantragen; (for job) sich [bei jemandem] um etwas bewerben

* * *

verb

1) ((with to) to put (something) on or against something else: to apply ointment to a cut.) auftragen

2) ((with to) to use (something) for some purpose: He applied his wits to planning their escape.) anwenden

3) ((with for) to ask for( something) formally: You could apply (to the manager) for a job.) sich bewerben (um)

4) ((with to) to concern: This rule does not apply to him.) zutreffen

5) (to be in force: The rule doesn't apply at weekends.) gelten

•

- academic.ru/3247/appliance">appliance
- applicable
- applicability
- applicant
- application
- apply oneself/one's mind
* * *

ap·ply

<- ie->

[əˈplaɪ]

I. vi

1. (formally request)

▪ to \apply for sth (for a job) sich akk um etw akk bewerben; (for permission) etw akk beantragen (to bei + dat)

Tim's applied to join the police Tim hat sich bei der Polizei beworben

to \apply for a grant/job sich akk um [o für] ein Stipendium/eine Stelle bewerben

to \apply for a passport einen Pass beantragen

to \apply for a patent ein Patent anmelden

to \apply for shares BRIT FIN Aktien zeichnen

2. (submit application)

to \apply for a job eine Bewerbung einreichen

to \apply in writing sich akk schriftlich bewerben

please \apply in writing to the address below bitte richten Sie Ihre schriftliche Bewerbung an unten stehende Adresse

3. (pertain) gelten

▪ to \apply to sb/sth jdn/etw betreffen

II. vt

1. (put on)

▪ to \apply sth [to sth] etw [auf etw akk] anwenden

to \apply a bandage einen Verband anlegen

to \apply cream/paint Creme/Farbe auftragen

to \apply make-up Make-up auflegen

to \apply a splint to sth etw schienen

2. (use)

▪ to \apply sth etw gebrauchen

to \apply the brakes bremsen

to \apply force Gewalt anwenden

to \apply pressure to sth auf etw akk drücken

to \apply sanctions Sanktionen verhängen

to \apply common sense seinen gesunden Menschenverstand benutzen

3. (persevere)

▪ to \apply oneself sich akk anstrengen

* * *
[ə'plaɪ]
1. vt
paint, ointment, lotion etc auftragen (to auf +acc), applizieren (spec); dressing, plaster anlegen, applizieren (spec); force, pressure, theory, rules anwenden (to auf +acc); knowledge, skills verwenden (to für), anwenden (to auf +acc); funds verwenden (to für), gebrauchen (to für); brakes betätigen; results, findings verwerten (to für); one's attention, efforts zuwenden ( to +dat), richten (to auf +acc); embargo, sanctions verhängen (to über +acc)
to apply oneself/one's mind (to sth) — sich/seinen Kopf (inf) (bei etw) anstrengen

that term can be applied to many things — dieser Begriff kann auf viele Dinge angewendet werden or trifft auf viele Dinge zu

2. vi

1) (= make an application) sich bewerben (for um, für)

to apply to sb for sth — sich an jdn wegen etw wenden; (for job, grant also) sich bei jdm für or um etw bewerben; (for loan, grant also) bei jdm etw beantragen

no-one applied for the reward — keiner hat sich für die Belohnung gemeldet

apply at the office/next door/within — Anfragen im Büro/nebenan/im Laden

she has applied to college/university — sie hat sich um einen Studienplatz beworben

2) (= be applicable) gelten (to für); (warning, threat, regulation) gelten (to für), betreffen (
to +acc); (description) zutreffen (to auf +acc, für)
* * *

apply [əˈplaı]

A v/t

1. (to) auflegen, -tragen, legen (auf akk), anbringen (an, auf dat):

apply a plaster to a wound ein Pflaster auf eine Wunde kleben;

apply a varnish coating einen Lacküberzug aufbringen oder -tragen

2. die Bremsen etc betätigen:

apply the brakes auch bremsen

3. (to)

a) verwenden (auf akk, für)

b) anwenden (auf akk):

apply all one’s energy seine ganze Energie einsetzen oder aufbieten;

apply a lever einen Hebel ansetzen;

apply drastic measures drastische Maßnahmen anwenden oder ergreifen;

applied to modern conditions auf moderne Verhältnisse angewandt;

the force is applied to the longer lever arm PHYS die Kraft greift am längeren Hebelarm an

4. anwenden, beziehen ( beide:

to auf akk)

5. (to) den Sinn richten (auf akk), beschäftigen (mit)

6. a) apply o.s. sich widmen (to dat)

b) sich anstrengen

B v/i

1. (to) Anwendung finden (bei), zutreffen oder sich anwenden lassen (auf akk), passen (auf akk, zu), anwendbar sein oder sich beziehen (auf akk), gelten (für):

the law does not apply das Gesetz findet keine Anwendung oder ist nicht anwendbar;

this applies to all cases dies gilt für alle Fälle, dies lässt sich auf alle Fälle anwenden

2. sich wenden (to an akk; for wegen)

3. (for) beantragen (akk), einen Antrag stellen (auf akk), einkommen oder nachsuchen (um), (auch zum Patent) anmelden (akk):

apply for membership einen Aufnahmeantrag stellen;

apply to sb for sth bei jemandem um etwas nachsuchen;

apply for shares WIRTSCH Br Aktien zeichnen

4. sich bewerben ( for um):

apply for a job

5. bitten, ersuchen ( beide:

to akk;

for um)

* * *
1. transitive verb
1) anlegen [Verband]; auftragen [Creme, Paste, Farbe] (to auf + Akk.); zuführen [Wärme, Flüssigkeit] (to Dat.)

apply the brakes — bremsen; die Bremse betätigen

2) (make use of) anwenden

applied linguistics/mathematics — angewandte Sprachwissenschaft / Mathematik

3) (devote) richten, lenken [Gedanken, Überlegungen, Geist] (to auf + Akk.); verwenden [Zeit, Energie] (to auf + Akk.)

apply oneself [to something] — sich (Dat.) Mühe geben [mit etwas]; sich [um etwas] bemühen
2. intransitive verb
1) (have relevance) zutreffen (to auf + Akk.); (be valid) gelten

things which don't apply to us — Dinge, die uns nicht betreffen

2) (address oneself)

apply [to somebody] for something — [jemanden] um etwas bitten od. (geh.) ersuchen; (for passport, licence, etc.) [bei jemandem] etwas beantragen; (for job) sich [bei jemandem] um etwas bewerben

* * *

(for) v.

sich bewerben (um) v. (to) v.

anlegen v.

anwenden (auf) v.

auflegen v. v.

anlegen v.

anwenden v.

auflegen v.

verwenden v.

zutreffen v.

English-german dictionary > apply
7 Huygens, Christiaan

SUBJECT AREA: Horology

[br]

b. 14 April 1629 The Hague, the Netherlands

d. 8 June 1695 The Hague, the Netherlands

[br]

Dutch scientist who was responsible for two of the greatest advances in horology: the successful application of both the pendulum to the clock and the balance spring to the watch.

[br]

Huygens was born into a cultured and privileged class. His father, Constantijn, was a poet and statesman who had wide interests. Constantijn exerted a strong influence on his son, who was educated at home until he reached the age of 16. Christiaan studied law and mathematics at Ley den University from 1645 to 1647, and continued his studies at the Collegium Arausiacum in Breda until 1649. He then lived at The Hague, where he had the means to devote his time entirely to study. In 1666 he became a Member of the Académie des Sciences in Paris and settled there until his return to The Hague in 1681. He also had a close relationship with the Royal Society and visited London on three occasions, meeting Newton on his last visit in 1689. Huygens had a wide range of interests and made significant contributions in mathematics, astronomy, optics and mechanics. He also made technical advances in optical instruments and horology.

Despite the efforts of Burgi there had been no significant improvement in the performance of ordinary clocks and watches from their inception to Huygens's time, as they were controlled by foliots or balances which had no natural period of oscillation. The pendulum appeared to offer a means of improvement as it had a natural period of oscillation that was almost independent of amplitude. Galileo Galilei had already pioneered the use of a freely suspended pendulum for timing events, but it was by no means obvious how it could be kept swinging and used to control a clock. Towards the end of his life Galileo described such a. mechanism to his son Vincenzio, who constructed a model after his father's death, although it was not completed when he himself died in 1642. This model appears to have been copied in Italy, but it had little influence on horology, partly because of the circumstances in which it was produced and possibly also because it differed radically from clocks of that period. The crucial event occurred on Christmas Day 1656 when Huygens, quite independently, succeeded in adapting an existing spring-driven table clock so that it was not only controlled by a pendulum but also kept it swinging. In the following year he was granted a privilege or patent for this clock, and several were made by the clockmaker Salomon Coster of The Hague. The use of the pendulum produced a dramatic improvement in timekeeping, reducing the daily error from minutes to seconds, but Huygens was aware that the pendulum was not truly isochronous. This error was magnified by the use of the existing verge escapement, which made the pendulum swing through a large arc. He overcame this defect very elegantly by fitting cheeks at the pendulum suspension point, progressively reducing the effective length of the pendulum as the amplitude increased. Initially the cheeks were shaped empirically, but he was later able to show that they should have a cycloidal shape. The cheeks were not adopted universally because they introduced other defects, and the problem was eventually solved more prosaically by way of new escapements which reduced the swing of the pendulum. Huygens's clocks had another innovatory feature: maintaining power, which kept the clock going while it was being wound.

Pendulums could not be used for portable timepieces, which continued to use balances despite their deficiencies. Robert Hooke was probably the first to apply a spring to the balance, but his efforts were not successful. From his work on the pendulum Huygens was well aware of the conditions necessary for isochronism in a vibrating system, and in January 1675, with a flash of inspiration, he realized that this could be achieved by controlling the oscillations of the balance with a spiral spring, an arrangement that is still used in mechanical watches. The first model was made for Huygens in Paris by the clockmaker Isaac Thuret, who attempted to appropriate the invention and patent it himself. Huygens had for many years been trying unsuccessfully to adapt the pendulum clock for use at sea (in order to determine longitude), and he hoped that a balance-spring timekeeper might be better suited for this purpose. However, he was disillusioned as its timekeeping proved to be much more susceptible to changes in temperature than that of the pendulum clock.

[br]

Principal Honours and Distinctions

FRS 1663. Member of the Académie Royale des Sciences 1666.

Bibliography

For his complete works, see Oeuvres complètes de Christian Huygens, 1888–1950, 22 vols, The Hague.

1658, Horologium, The Hague; repub., 1970, trans. E.L.Edwardes, Antiquarian

Horology 7:35–55 (describes the pendulum clock).

1673, Horologium Oscillatorium, Paris; repub., 1986, The Pendulum Clock or Demonstrations Concerning the Motion ofPendula as Applied to Clocks, trans.

R.J.Blackwell, Ames.

The balance spring watch was first described in Journal des Sçavans 25 February 1675, and translated in Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society (1675) 4:272–3.

Further Reading

H.J.M.Bos, 1972, Dictionary of Scientific Biography, ed. C.C.Gillispie, Vol. 6, New York, pp. 597–613 (for a fuller account of his life and scientific work, but note the incorrect date of his death).

R.Plomp, 1979, Spring-Driven Dutch Pendulum Clocks, 1657–1710, Schiedam (describes Huygens's application of the pendulum to the clock).

S.A.Bedini, 1991, The Pulse of Time, Florence (describes Galileo's contribution of the pendulum to the clock).

J.H.Leopold, 1982, "L"Invention par Christiaan Huygens du ressort spiral réglant pour les montres', Huygens et la France, Paris, pp. 154–7 (describes the application of the balance spring to the watch).

A.R.Hall, 1978, "Horology and criticism", Studia Copernica 16:261–81 (discusses Hooke's contribution).

DV

Biographical history of technology > Huygens, Christiaan
8 AE

1) Общая лексика: ответственный исполнитель, контактор ((сокр. от) account executive, advertising executive), американский английский (American English), appliance electronics (сокр.) (бытовая электроника; электроника бытовых электроприборов), НЯ (нежелательные явления (Adverse Events/Effects)), adult education (сокр.) (обучение взрослых), assistant engineer (сокр.) (помощник инженера, младший инженер)

2) Компьютерная техника: Active Entity

3) Биология: aminoethyl

4) Морской термин: ( &\#198;) third class (сокр.) (третий класс (по классификации Английского Ллойда))

5) Медицина: неблагоприятная реакция на применение лекарства, нежелательное явление (adverse event), aspergillus endophthalmitis

6) Американизм: Architect And Engineering

7) Военный термин: Aerial Exploitation, Army Europe, Army education, Army in Europe, Attack Electronic, acoustic emission, acquisition executive, added entry, aeromedical evacuation, aerospace education, air engineer, airborne equipment, angle of elevation, armor, artillery, and engineers aptitude area, assistant engineer, atomic energy, auxiliary equipment, aviation engineer, air engineering( сокр.) (1. авиаинженерный 2. авиационно-технической службы ( специализация офицера) (Великобритания)), air electrical (сокр.) (авиационно-электротехнический (НАТО)), auxiliary engineering (сокр.) (инженерно-вспомогательный), availability of equipment (сокр.) (наличие оборудования)

8) Техника: abort electronics, activation energy, actual efficiency, air ejector, air-electrical, airborne electronics, aircraft equipment, alkyl polyethoxylate, appliance electronics, atmospheric emission, aviation electrician

9) Сельское хозяйство: avian encephalomyelitis, agricultural engineer

10) Шутливое выражение: Awesome Entertainment, Awful Entertainment

11) Химия: Auger Electron

12) Математика: Auxiliary Equation, абсолютная ошибка (absolute error), абсолютный экстенсор (absolute extensor), арифметическое выражение (arithmetic expression), асимптотическая эффективность (asymptotic efficiency), почти всюду (almost everywhere)

13) Экономика: All England( сокр.) (всеанглийский), American Express Company (сокр.) (компания «Америкен Экспресс»), Alaska Economic Report (сокр.) (наименование американского периодического издания по экономическим вопросам), accrued expenditure (сокр.) (нарастающие расходы, затраты нарастающим итогом)

14) Бухгалтерия: Actual Expense, annual exemption

15) Телевидение: audio erase

16) Сокращение: (type abbreviation) Ammunition ship (small; L), Aeronautical Engineer, Aircraft Establishment, American English, American Eskimo, Ammunition ship (USA), Application Execution, Armada Espanola (Spanish Navy), Assault Echelon, air escape, armament and electronics, (USN Rating) Aviation Electrician's Mate, ASCII Express, Above Elbow (amputation), Academic Edition (Microsoft), Acceptance Equipment, Access Enforcer (SAP GRC Access Control Product), Accident & Emergency, Acclaim Entertainment, Inc., Account Engineer, Accuracy of Estimation, Acela Express (Amtrak train service), Acoustic Engineer, Acquisition Economics, Acquisition Engineer/Executive, Acrodermatitis Enteropathica (zinc deficiency), Action Entry, Action Express (pistol cartridge), Active Emission, Active Enhancement, Activity End Invocation (ITU-T), Adaptive Enterprise (HP), Adaptive Equalizer, Additional Entry (USPS), Address Extension (Sprint), Adult Entertainment, Advanced Exchange, Adverse Effect, Adverse Event, Aero Postale (clothing manufacturer), Aerobic Exercise, Aeronautical Engineering, Aerosol, Aerospace Engineers/Aerospace Engineering, After Earth (Titan A.e.), Age Equivalent, Aggregate Expenditures (economics), Agricultural Engineer/Agricultural Engineering, Ahorristas Estafados (Paraguay), Air Efficiency Award (RAF), Air Entry, Air Europa, Air Evacuation, Akademia Economiczna (Polish), Albert Einstein, Algorithm Enable, Allegheny & Eastern (railroad), Allegheny Energy, Inc., Almost Everywhere (mathematics), Alpha Elites (gaming), Also Eligible (horse racing), Alveolar Echinococcosis, Alzheimer Europe, American Eagle, American Eagle Outfitters, American Express, Ammunition & Explosives, Ammunition Ship, Amplifier Extender (FS-1037c), Amtrak Express (railroad), Analog Equipment, Analytical Equipment, Anchor Site East, Angled End, Angstro"meinheit, Anion Exchange Protein, Ansaldo Energia, Antenna Electronics, Anything Else?, AppleEvent (inter-application communications for Macintosh OS), Applicant Entity, Application Engineer, Application Engineering, Application Engineers, Application Environment, Applications Environment, Applied Entomology, Apportioned Effort, Approved Equal, Aptitude Area, Arbeitseinheit, Arcane Explosion (gaming, World of Warcraft), Arch Enemy (band), Architect Evangelist (Microsoft), Architect and Engineering Firm, Architect-Engineer (also abbreviated A-E), Architectural Engineer, Architectural Engineering, Architecture Engineering, Area of Effect (gaming), Argument from Evil (philosophy), Armed Forces Africa (used with APO/FPO), Armed Forces Canada (used with APO/FPO), Armed Forces Middle East (used with APO/FPO), Armies In Europe (used with APO/FPO), Army Experiment, Articles Editor (law review), Ascent/Entry, Assigned Evaluator, Associate Editor, Associated Electrics, Inc (radio controlled cars), Associated Equipment (EMC testing), Atmospheric Explorer, Atomic Emission, Attenuation Equalizer, Attitude Ephemeris, Auroral Electrojet index, Australian Encephalitis, Australian English, Autechre (band), Auto Estrada (Motorway), Auto Exposure, Automation Equipment, Automotive Extrication (emergency & rescue services), Auxiliary Explosive (US Navy ammunition ship designation), Avian Encephalomalacia (Vitamin E Deficiency), Avian Encephalomyelitis (poultry viral disease), Mandarin Airlines (IATA airline code), United Arab Emirates (Internet TLD), above or equal

17) Университет: Academic Enrichment, Agricultural Engineering

18) Физика: actual envelope (сокр.) (фактическая огибающая), activation energy (сокр.) (энергия активации)

19) Физиология: Above the elbow, Active And Equal, Aryepiglottic Fold

20) Вычислительная техника: arithmetic element, arithmetic expression, Application Entity / Environment / Execution / Engineering (APE), Apple Events (Apple)

21) Нефть: anode effect

22) Иммунология: Adult Equivalent

23) Банковское дело: зарегистрированный представитель брокерской фирмы (account executive)

24) Фирменный знак: Acoustic Electric, Action Express, Associated Electrics

25) СМИ: Abstract Expressionism, After The End

26) Почта: Armed Forces Europe, Canada, Middle East (Префикс военной почты для Европы, Канады и Ближнего Востока)

27) Образование: Additional Exercise, Alternative Education

28) Инвестиции: account executive

29) Сетевые технологии: application entity

30) Полимеры: absolute error

31) Контроль качества: asymptotic efficiency

32) Телефония: прикладной объект

33) Химическое оружие: Architect engineer, Area engineer, acid ester of methyl-phosphonic acid, methyl-phosphonic acid ester

34) Военно-морской флот: Aviation Electrician's Mate (сокр.) (старшина—авиационный электрик)

35) Судостроение: площадь спрямлённой поверхности лопастей гребного винта (expanded blade area of a screw propeller)

36) Электротехника: accidental error, admissible error

37) Майкрософт: асимметричное шифрование

38) AMEX. Adams Resources & Energy, Inc.

39) Клинические исследования: нежелательное явление

Универсальный англо-русский словарь > AE
9 ae

1) Общая лексика: ответственный исполнитель, контактор ((сокр. от) account executive, advertising executive), американский английский (American English), appliance electronics (сокр.) (бытовая электроника; электроника бытовых электроприборов), НЯ (нежелательные явления (Adverse Events/Effects)), adult education (сокр.) (обучение взрослых), assistant engineer (сокр.) (помощник инженера, младший инженер)

2) Компьютерная техника: Active Entity

3) Биология: aminoethyl

4) Морской термин: ( &\#198;) third class (сокр.) (третий класс (по классификации Английского Ллойда))

5) Медицина: неблагоприятная реакция на применение лекарства, нежелательное явление (adverse event), aspergillus endophthalmitis

6) Американизм: Architect And Engineering

7) Военный термин: Aerial Exploitation, Army Europe, Army education, Army in Europe, Attack Electronic, acoustic emission, acquisition executive, added entry, aeromedical evacuation, aerospace education, air engineer, airborne equipment, angle of elevation, armor, artillery, and engineers aptitude area, assistant engineer, atomic energy, auxiliary equipment, aviation engineer, air engineering( сокр.) (1. авиаинженерный 2. авиационно-технической службы ( специализация офицера) (Великобритания)), air electrical (сокр.) (авиационно-электротехнический (НАТО)), auxiliary engineering (сокр.) (инженерно-вспомогательный), availability of equipment (сокр.) (наличие оборудования)

8) Техника: abort electronics, activation energy, actual efficiency, air ejector, air-electrical, airborne electronics, aircraft equipment, alkyl polyethoxylate, appliance electronics, atmospheric emission, aviation electrician

9) Сельское хозяйство: avian encephalomyelitis, agricultural engineer

10) Шутливое выражение: Awesome Entertainment, Awful Entertainment

11) Химия: Auger Electron

12) Математика: Auxiliary Equation, абсолютная ошибка (absolute error), абсолютный экстенсор (absolute extensor), арифметическое выражение (arithmetic expression), асимптотическая эффективность (asymptotic efficiency), почти всюду (almost everywhere)

13) Экономика: All England( сокр.) (всеанглийский), American Express Company (сокр.) (компания «Америкен Экспресс»), Alaska Economic Report (сокр.) (наименование американского периодического издания по экономическим вопросам), accrued expenditure (сокр.) (нарастающие расходы, затраты нарастающим итогом)

14) Бухгалтерия: Actual Expense, annual exemption

15) Телевидение: audio erase

16) Сокращение: (type abbreviation) Ammunition ship (small; L), Aeronautical Engineer, Aircraft Establishment, American English, American Eskimo, Ammunition ship (USA), Application Execution, Armada Espanola (Spanish Navy), Assault Echelon, air escape, armament and electronics, (USN Rating) Aviation Electrician's Mate, ASCII Express, Above Elbow (amputation), Academic Edition (Microsoft), Acceptance Equipment, Access Enforcer (SAP GRC Access Control Product), Accident & Emergency, Acclaim Entertainment, Inc., Account Engineer, Accuracy of Estimation, Acela Express (Amtrak train service), Acoustic Engineer, Acquisition Economics, Acquisition Engineer/Executive, Acrodermatitis Enteropathica (zinc deficiency), Action Entry, Action Express (pistol cartridge), Active Emission, Active Enhancement, Activity End Invocation (ITU-T), Adaptive Enterprise (HP), Adaptive Equalizer, Additional Entry (USPS), Address Extension (Sprint), Adult Entertainment, Advanced Exchange, Adverse Effect, Adverse Event, Aero Postale (clothing manufacturer), Aerobic Exercise, Aeronautical Engineering, Aerosol, Aerospace Engineers/Aerospace Engineering, After Earth (Titan A.e.), Age Equivalent, Aggregate Expenditures (economics), Agricultural Engineer/Agricultural Engineering, Ahorristas Estafados (Paraguay), Air Efficiency Award (RAF), Air Entry, Air Europa, Air Evacuation, Akademia Economiczna (Polish), Albert Einstein, Algorithm Enable, Allegheny & Eastern (railroad), Allegheny Energy, Inc., Almost Everywhere (mathematics), Alpha Elites (gaming), Also Eligible (horse racing), Alveolar Echinococcosis, Alzheimer Europe, American Eagle, American Eagle Outfitters, American Express, Ammunition & Explosives, Ammunition Ship, Amplifier Extender (FS-1037c), Amtrak Express (railroad), Analog Equipment, Analytical Equipment, Anchor Site East, Angled End, Angstro"meinheit, Anion Exchange Protein, Ansaldo Energia, Antenna Electronics, Anything Else?, AppleEvent (inter-application communications for Macintosh OS), Applicant Entity, Application Engineer, Application Engineering, Application Engineers, Application Environment, Applications Environment, Applied Entomology, Apportioned Effort, Approved Equal, Aptitude Area, Arbeitseinheit, Arcane Explosion (gaming, World of Warcraft), Arch Enemy (band), Architect Evangelist (Microsoft), Architect and Engineering Firm, Architect-Engineer (also abbreviated A-E), Architectural Engineer, Architectural Engineering, Architecture Engineering, Area of Effect (gaming), Argument from Evil (philosophy), Armed Forces Africa (used with APO/FPO), Armed Forces Canada (used with APO/FPO), Armed Forces Middle East (used with APO/FPO), Armies In Europe (used with APO/FPO), Army Experiment, Articles Editor (law review), Ascent/Entry, Assigned Evaluator, Associate Editor, Associated Electrics, Inc (radio controlled cars), Associated Equipment (EMC testing), Atmospheric Explorer, Atomic Emission, Attenuation Equalizer, Attitude Ephemeris, Auroral Electrojet index, Australian Encephalitis, Australian English, Autechre (band), Auto Estrada (Motorway), Auto Exposure, Automation Equipment, Automotive Extrication (emergency & rescue services), Auxiliary Explosive (US Navy ammunition ship designation), Avian Encephalomalacia (Vitamin E Deficiency), Avian Encephalomyelitis (poultry viral disease), Mandarin Airlines (IATA airline code), United Arab Emirates (Internet TLD), above or equal

17) Университет: Academic Enrichment, Agricultural Engineering

18) Физика: actual envelope (сокр.) (фактическая огибающая), activation energy (сокр.) (энергия активации)

19) Физиология: Above the elbow, Active And Equal, Aryepiglottic Fold

20) Вычислительная техника: arithmetic element, arithmetic expression, Application Entity / Environment / Execution / Engineering (APE), Apple Events (Apple)

21) Нефть: anode effect

22) Иммунология: Adult Equivalent

23) Банковское дело: зарегистрированный представитель брокерской фирмы (account executive)

24) Фирменный знак: Acoustic Electric, Action Express, Associated Electrics

25) СМИ: Abstract Expressionism, After The End

26) Почта: Armed Forces Europe, Canada, Middle East (Префикс военной почты для Европы, Канады и Ближнего Востока)

27) Образование: Additional Exercise, Alternative Education

28) Инвестиции: account executive

29) Сетевые технологии: application entity

30) Полимеры: absolute error

31) Контроль качества: asymptotic efficiency

32) Телефония: прикладной объект

33) Химическое оружие: Architect engineer, Area engineer, acid ester of methyl-phosphonic acid, methyl-phosphonic acid ester

34) Военно-морской флот: Aviation Electrician's Mate (сокр.) (старшина—авиационный электрик)

35) Судостроение: площадь спрямлённой поверхности лопастей гребного винта (expanded blade area of a screw propeller)

36) Электротехника: accidental error, admissible error

37) Майкрософт: асимметричное шифрование

38) AMEX. Adams Resources & Energy, Inc.

39) Клинические исследования: нежелательное явление

Универсальный англо-русский словарь > ae
10 AM

1) Общая лексика: утренний выпуск газеты, менеджер по работе с клиентами

2) Компьютерная техника: Access Method, Automatic Margins

3) Разговорное выражение: утро

4) Военный термин: Acknowledgment Message, Aerographers Mate, Air Medal, Air Ministry, Albert Medal, Army manual, Asset Manager, Auxiliary Mine, acquisition manager, administrative manual, aeromedical monitor, air mail, air marshal, air materiel, air mechanic, air-launched missile, airlift mission, airmobile, airplane mechanic, alert message, ammunition examiner, antimateriel, arms materiel, arms memorandum, army map, assignment memorandum, attack missile, automatic monitoring, awaiting maintenance, Ante Meridian (Before Noon), amplitude modulation

5) Техника: Helmholtz function per mole, Helmholtz function per molecule, access man way, actuating mechanism, address mark, addressable memory, amperes per meter, area multiplexer, athwartship magnetization

6) Шутливое выражение: Annie's Man

7) История: от сотворения мира (в обозначении дат)

8) Математика: амплитуда (amplitude), среднее арифметическое (arithmetic mean)

9) Железнодорожный термин: Arkansas and Missouri Railroad Company

10) Юридический термин: Asian Male

11) Бухгалтерия: Account Monitoring

12) Автомобильный термин: ammeter

13) Астрономия: Airlock Module

14) Грубое выражение: Absolute Moron

15) Оптика: air mass

16) Политика: Armenia

17) Телекоммуникации: Active Monitor, Advance Mobile, amplitude modulation, Administrative Module (AT&T 5ESS)

18) Сокращение: Account Management (finance), Active Matrix, Activity Monitoring, Amharic, Anti-Material, Avtomaticheskiy Minomet 'Vasilek' (Vehicle-mounted automatic mortar (Russia)), amatol, anno mundi, ante meridian (before noon in time), Access Manway, Ante Meridiem, before noon, Associate Member, Master of Arts, Air Methods (крупнейшая в мире компания воздушной (вертолетной) скорой помощи) (http://www.airmethods.com), Adeptus Mechanicus (game), AeroMexico (IATA Airline Code), Aeronautica Militare (Italian Air Force), Against Me! (band), Agencia de Monitoreo (Guatemala, security agency), Agent Metal (music composition group), Aide Me'moire (French:memorandum), Al-Muhajiroun, Alanis Morissette, Alma Mater, Alonzo Mourning (basketball player), Alpes-Maritimes, AlterMeta (web comic discussion), Alyssa Milano, Amazonas (Brazil), American Morning (CNN Morning Show), American Motors (purchased by Chrysler), Amplitud Modulada (Guatemala radio frequency), Analog Maintenance (Nortel), Anillo Metropolitano (Guatemala region), Animation Master (3d animation software), Annie Man (Hong Kong actress), Antrim (Ireland), Appliance Manufacturer Magazine, Armenia (top-level domain), Aston Martin, Atlantic Microsystems (Bell Atlantic & Nynex Wireless Cable), Attometer (10 E^-18, one quintillionth), Audit Manager, Auricularis Muscle, Authorized Messenger, Auto Map, Automated MICAP, Automation Module, Automod (defunct GameFAQs feature), Ave Maria (Latin: Hail Mary), Member of the Order of Australia, absent minded, accelerated math, access macro virus, access method (метод доступа), access module, accommodation manager, account manager, accounting management, accounts maintenance, accounts manager, accredited member, achievement medal, acknowledge message, acoustic-magnetic, acquisition management/manager, acrylamide, actinomycosis (skin disease), action man (cartoon series), action memorandum, activation manager, active mode, activity manager, adaptive multiplexer, address management (usps), address modifier, adhesion molecule, advance mission, advanced mission (также название игры), afore mentioned, after market, age-matched (Z-score used in conjunction with DEXA scan reports), aggressive mechanism, agile methodology, agile modeling, agricultural and mechanical, air mobile, airborne mapping, airfield matting, airmail, airway manual, alarm module, alaskan malamute (dog breed), alternate mode, alternating magnetic, alveolar macrophages, ambulance module, amen (epigraphy), amplitude modulation (амплитудная модуляция), analog multiplexer, analysis manager, ancient modulation (humor), annuity mortgage, ante meridian, ante meridiem (с полуночи до полудня), application management, application manager, application mediation, application mediators, apre`s-midi (french: afternoon), arch mage (gaming), architecture manager (intel), arctic monkeys (uk band), area map (faa artcc mapping of sector suites to an area), arithmetic mean, army management, arranged marriage, artium magister (Latin: master of arts), assembly management, assembly member, asset management, assistant manager, asymmetric multiplier (NIOSH), asynchronous mode, auxiliary module, auxiliary motor, aviation medicine, aviation structural mechanic (USN Rating), away message (instant messaging)

19) Университет: Age Major

20) Физиология: Adult male, Before Noon, In the Morning, before Noon

21) Электроника: Alpha Male, Analog Modeling, Analog Monolithic

22) Вычислительная техника: Active Matrix (LCD), Ante Meridiem (before noon), амплитудная модуляция, ante meridiem, внешнее запоминающее устройство

23) Картография: Army Map (Service edition)

24) Биотехнология: Acetoxymethyl (ацетоксиметил)

25) Геофизика: АМ

26) Силикатное производство: aluminum modulus, arc melting

27) Фирменный знак: Allied Master

28) Деловая лексика: Account Management

29) Бурение: буквенное обозначение нестандартной алмазной коронки для бурения с промывкой глинистым раствором, 1, 861 X 1,062"

30) Глоссарий компании Сахалин Энерджи: normal spacing

31) Образование: Applied Mathematics I & II

32) Сетевые технологии: LCD active matrix liquid-crystal display, associative memory, auxiliary memory

33) Полимеры: asbestos mat, automatic-manual

34) Автоматика: administrative module

35) Авиационная медицина: aerospace medicine

36) Макаров: amplitude-modulated, (amplitude modulation) АМ (амплитудная манипуляция)

37) Нефть и газ: application module

38) Электротехника: amplifier

39) Hi-Fi. обозначение в электронных часах с 12-часовым режимом времени до полудня, амплитудная модуляция (используется при радиопередаче в диапазонах ДВ, СВ и КВ. Также общее обозначение всех или части этих диапазонов в тюнере)

40) Общественная организация: Amor Ministries

41) Должность: Administration Manager, Ancient Mariner

42) Чат: Anytime Maybe

43) NYSE. American Greetings Corporation

Универсальный англо-русский словарь > AM
11 Am

1) Общая лексика: утренний выпуск газеты, менеджер по работе с клиентами

2) Компьютерная техника: Access Method, Automatic Margins

3) Разговорное выражение: утро

4) Военный термин: Acknowledgment Message, Aerographers Mate, Air Medal, Air Ministry, Albert Medal, Army manual, Asset Manager, Auxiliary Mine, acquisition manager, administrative manual, aeromedical monitor, air mail, air marshal, air materiel, air mechanic, air-launched missile, airlift mission, airmobile, airplane mechanic, alert message, ammunition examiner, antimateriel, arms materiel, arms memorandum, army map, assignment memorandum, attack missile, automatic monitoring, awaiting maintenance, Ante Meridian (Before Noon), amplitude modulation

5) Техника: Helmholtz function per mole, Helmholtz function per molecule, access man way, actuating mechanism, address mark, addressable memory, amperes per meter, area multiplexer, athwartship magnetization

6) Шутливое выражение: Annie's Man

7) История: от сотворения мира (в обозначении дат)

8) Математика: амплитуда (amplitude), среднее арифметическое (arithmetic mean)

9) Железнодорожный термин: Arkansas and Missouri Railroad Company

10) Юридический термин: Asian Male

11) Бухгалтерия: Account Monitoring

12) Автомобильный термин: ammeter

13) Астрономия: Airlock Module

14) Грубое выражение: Absolute Moron

15) Оптика: air mass

16) Политика: Armenia

17) Телекоммуникации: Active Monitor, Advance Mobile, amplitude modulation, Administrative Module (AT&T 5ESS)

18) Сокращение: Account Management (finance), Active Matrix, Activity Monitoring, Amharic, Anti-Material, Avtomaticheskiy Minomet 'Vasilek' (Vehicle-mounted automatic mortar (Russia)), amatol, anno mundi, ante meridian (before noon in time), Access Manway, Ante Meridiem, before noon, Associate Member, Master of Arts, Air Methods (крупнейшая в мире компания воздушной (вертолетной) скорой помощи) (http://www.airmethods.com), Adeptus Mechanicus (game), AeroMexico (IATA Airline Code), Aeronautica Militare (Italian Air Force), Against Me! (band), Agencia de Monitoreo (Guatemala, security agency), Agent Metal (music composition group), Aide Me'moire (French:memorandum), Al-Muhajiroun, Alanis Morissette, Alma Mater, Alonzo Mourning (basketball player), Alpes-Maritimes, AlterMeta (web comic discussion), Alyssa Milano, Amazonas (Brazil), American Morning (CNN Morning Show), American Motors (purchased by Chrysler), Amplitud Modulada (Guatemala radio frequency), Analog Maintenance (Nortel), Anillo Metropolitano (Guatemala region), Animation Master (3d animation software), Annie Man (Hong Kong actress), Antrim (Ireland), Appliance Manufacturer Magazine, Armenia (top-level domain), Aston Martin, Atlantic Microsystems (Bell Atlantic & Nynex Wireless Cable), Attometer (10 E^-18, one quintillionth), Audit Manager, Auricularis Muscle, Authorized Messenger, Auto Map, Automated MICAP, Automation Module, Automod (defunct GameFAQs feature), Ave Maria (Latin: Hail Mary), Member of the Order of Australia, absent minded, accelerated math, access macro virus, access method (метод доступа), access module, accommodation manager, account manager, accounting management, accounts maintenance, accounts manager, accredited member, achievement medal, acknowledge message, acoustic-magnetic, acquisition management/manager, acrylamide, actinomycosis (skin disease), action man (cartoon series), action memorandum, activation manager, active mode, activity manager, adaptive multiplexer, address management (usps), address modifier, adhesion molecule, advance mission, advanced mission (также название игры), afore mentioned, after market, age-matched (Z-score used in conjunction with DEXA scan reports), aggressive mechanism, agile methodology, agile modeling, agricultural and mechanical, air mobile, airborne mapping, airfield matting, airmail, airway manual, alarm module, alaskan malamute (dog breed), alternate mode, alternating magnetic, alveolar macrophages, ambulance module, amen (epigraphy), amplitude modulation (амплитудная модуляция), analog multiplexer, analysis manager, ancient modulation (humor), annuity mortgage, ante meridian, ante meridiem (с полуночи до полудня), application management, application manager, application mediation, application mediators, apre`s-midi (french: afternoon), arch mage (gaming), architecture manager (intel), arctic monkeys (uk band), area map (faa artcc mapping of sector suites to an area), arithmetic mean, army management, arranged marriage, artium magister (Latin: master of arts), assembly management, assembly member, asset management, assistant manager, asymmetric multiplier (NIOSH), asynchronous mode, auxiliary module, auxiliary motor, aviation medicine, aviation structural mechanic (USN Rating), away message (instant messaging)

19) Университет: Age Major

20) Физиология: Adult male, Before Noon, In the Morning, before Noon

21) Электроника: Alpha Male, Analog Modeling, Analog Monolithic

22) Вычислительная техника: Active Matrix (LCD), Ante Meridiem (before noon), амплитудная модуляция, ante meridiem, внешнее запоминающее устройство

23) Картография: Army Map (Service edition)

24) Биотехнология: Acetoxymethyl (ацетоксиметил)

25) Геофизика: АМ

26) Силикатное производство: aluminum modulus, arc melting

27) Фирменный знак: Allied Master

28) Деловая лексика: Account Management

29) Бурение: буквенное обозначение нестандартной алмазной коронки для бурения с промывкой глинистым раствором, 1, 861 X 1,062"

30) Глоссарий компании Сахалин Энерджи: normal spacing

31) Образование: Applied Mathematics I & II

32) Сетевые технологии: LCD active matrix liquid-crystal display, associative memory, auxiliary memory

33) Полимеры: asbestos mat, automatic-manual

34) Автоматика: administrative module

35) Авиационная медицина: aerospace medicine

36) Макаров: amplitude-modulated, (amplitude modulation) АМ (амплитудная манипуляция)

37) Нефть и газ: application module

38) Электротехника: amplifier

39) Hi-Fi. обозначение в электронных часах с 12-часовым режимом времени до полудня, амплитудная модуляция (используется при радиопередаче в диапазонах ДВ, СВ и КВ. Также общее обозначение всех или части этих диапазонов в тюнере)

40) Общественная организация: Amor Ministries

41) Должность: Administration Manager, Ancient Mariner

42) Чат: Anytime Maybe

43) NYSE. American Greetings Corporation

Универсальный англо-русский словарь > Am
12 aM

1) Общая лексика: утренний выпуск газеты, менеджер по работе с клиентами

2) Компьютерная техника: Access Method, Automatic Margins

3) Разговорное выражение: утро

4) Военный термин: Acknowledgment Message, Aerographers Mate, Air Medal, Air Ministry, Albert Medal, Army manual, Asset Manager, Auxiliary Mine, acquisition manager, administrative manual, aeromedical monitor, air mail, air marshal, air materiel, air mechanic, air-launched missile, airlift mission, airmobile, airplane mechanic, alert message, ammunition examiner, antimateriel, arms materiel, arms memorandum, army map, assignment memorandum, attack missile, automatic monitoring, awaiting maintenance, Ante Meridian (Before Noon), amplitude modulation

5) Техника: Helmholtz function per mole, Helmholtz function per molecule, access man way, actuating mechanism, address mark, addressable memory, amperes per meter, area multiplexer, athwartship magnetization

6) Шутливое выражение: Annie's Man

7) История: от сотворения мира (в обозначении дат)

8) Математика: амплитуда (amplitude), среднее арифметическое (arithmetic mean)

9) Железнодорожный термин: Arkansas and Missouri Railroad Company

10) Юридический термин: Asian Male

11) Бухгалтерия: Account Monitoring

12) Автомобильный термин: ammeter

13) Астрономия: Airlock Module

14) Грубое выражение: Absolute Moron

15) Оптика: air mass

16) Политика: Armenia

17) Телекоммуникации: Active Monitor, Advance Mobile, amplitude modulation, Administrative Module (AT&T 5ESS)

18) Сокращение: Account Management (finance), Active Matrix, Activity Monitoring, Amharic, Anti-Material, Avtomaticheskiy Minomet 'Vasilek' (Vehicle-mounted automatic mortar (Russia)), amatol, anno mundi, ante meridian (before noon in time), Access Manway, Ante Meridiem, before noon, Associate Member, Master of Arts, Air Methods (крупнейшая в мире компания воздушной (вертолетной) скорой помощи) (http://www.airmethods.com), Adeptus Mechanicus (game), AeroMexico (IATA Airline Code), Aeronautica Militare (Italian Air Force), Against Me! (band), Agencia de Monitoreo (Guatemala, security agency), Agent Metal (music composition group), Aide Me'moire (French:memorandum), Al-Muhajiroun, Alanis Morissette, Alma Mater, Alonzo Mourning (basketball player), Alpes-Maritimes, AlterMeta (web comic discussion), Alyssa Milano, Amazonas (Brazil), American Morning (CNN Morning Show), American Motors (purchased by Chrysler), Amplitud Modulada (Guatemala radio frequency), Analog Maintenance (Nortel), Anillo Metropolitano (Guatemala region), Animation Master (3d animation software), Annie Man (Hong Kong actress), Antrim (Ireland), Appliance Manufacturer Magazine, Armenia (top-level domain), Aston Martin, Atlantic Microsystems (Bell Atlantic & Nynex Wireless Cable), Attometer (10 E^-18, one quintillionth), Audit Manager, Auricularis Muscle, Authorized Messenger, Auto Map, Automated MICAP, Automation Module, Automod (defunct GameFAQs feature), Ave Maria (Latin: Hail Mary), Member of the Order of Australia, absent minded, accelerated math, access macro virus, access method (метод доступа), access module, accommodation manager, account manager, accounting management, accounts maintenance, accounts manager, accredited member, achievement medal, acknowledge message, acoustic-magnetic, acquisition management/manager, acrylamide, actinomycosis (skin disease), action man (cartoon series), action memorandum, activation manager, active mode, activity manager, adaptive multiplexer, address management (usps), address modifier, adhesion molecule, advance mission, advanced mission (также название игры), afore mentioned, after market, age-matched (Z-score used in conjunction with DEXA scan reports), aggressive mechanism, agile methodology, agile modeling, agricultural and mechanical, air mobile, airborne mapping, airfield matting, airmail, airway manual, alarm module, alaskan malamute (dog breed), alternate mode, alternating magnetic, alveolar macrophages, ambulance module, amen (epigraphy), amplitude modulation (амплитудная модуляция), analog multiplexer, analysis manager, ancient modulation (humor), annuity mortgage, ante meridian, ante meridiem (с полуночи до полудня), application management, application manager, application mediation, application mediators, apre`s-midi (french: afternoon), arch mage (gaming), architecture manager (intel), arctic monkeys (uk band), area map (faa artcc mapping of sector suites to an area), arithmetic mean, army management, arranged marriage, artium magister (Latin: master of arts), assembly management, assembly member, asset management, assistant manager, asymmetric multiplier (NIOSH), asynchronous mode, auxiliary module, auxiliary motor, aviation medicine, aviation structural mechanic (USN Rating), away message (instant messaging)

19) Университет: Age Major

20) Физиология: Adult male, Before Noon, In the Morning, before Noon

21) Электроника: Alpha Male, Analog Modeling, Analog Monolithic

22) Вычислительная техника: Active Matrix (LCD), Ante Meridiem (before noon), амплитудная модуляция, ante meridiem, внешнее запоминающее устройство

23) Картография: Army Map (Service edition)

24) Биотехнология: Acetoxymethyl (ацетоксиметил)

25) Геофизика: АМ

26) Силикатное производство: aluminum modulus, arc melting

27) Фирменный знак: Allied Master

28) Деловая лексика: Account Management

29) Бурение: буквенное обозначение нестандартной алмазной коронки для бурения с промывкой глинистым раствором, 1, 861 X 1,062"

30) Глоссарий компании Сахалин Энерджи: normal spacing

31) Образование: Applied Mathematics I & II

32) Сетевые технологии: LCD active matrix liquid-crystal display, associative memory, auxiliary memory

33) Полимеры: asbestos mat, automatic-manual

34) Автоматика: administrative module

35) Авиационная медицина: aerospace medicine

36) Макаров: amplitude-modulated, (amplitude modulation) АМ (амплитудная манипуляция)

37) Нефть и газ: application module

38) Электротехника: amplifier

39) Hi-Fi. обозначение в электронных часах с 12-часовым режимом времени до полудня, амплитудная модуляция (используется при радиопередаче в диапазонах ДВ, СВ и КВ. Также общее обозначение всех или части этих диапазонов в тюнере)

40) Общественная организация: Amor Ministries

41) Должность: Administration Manager, Ancient Mariner

42) Чат: Anytime Maybe

43) NYSE. American Greetings Corporation

Универсальный англо-русский словарь > aM
13 am

1) Общая лексика: утренний выпуск газеты, менеджер по работе с клиентами

2) Компьютерная техника: Access Method, Automatic Margins

3) Разговорное выражение: утро

4) Военный термин: Acknowledgment Message, Aerographers Mate, Air Medal, Air Ministry, Albert Medal, Army manual, Asset Manager, Auxiliary Mine, acquisition manager, administrative manual, aeromedical monitor, air mail, air marshal, air materiel, air mechanic, air-launched missile, airlift mission, airmobile, airplane mechanic, alert message, ammunition examiner, antimateriel, arms materiel, arms memorandum, army map, assignment memorandum, attack missile, automatic monitoring, awaiting maintenance, Ante Meridian (Before Noon), amplitude modulation

5) Техника: Helmholtz function per mole, Helmholtz function per molecule, access man way, actuating mechanism, address mark, addressable memory, amperes per meter, area multiplexer, athwartship magnetization

6) Шутливое выражение: Annie's Man

7) История: от сотворения мира (в обозначении дат)

8) Математика: амплитуда (amplitude), среднее арифметическое (arithmetic mean)

9) Железнодорожный термин: Arkansas and Missouri Railroad Company

10) Юридический термин: Asian Male

11) Бухгалтерия: Account Monitoring

12) Автомобильный термин: ammeter

13) Астрономия: Airlock Module

14) Грубое выражение: Absolute Moron

15) Оптика: air mass

16) Политика: Armenia

17) Телекоммуникации: Active Monitor, Advance Mobile, amplitude modulation, Administrative Module (AT&T 5ESS)

18) Сокращение: Account Management (finance), Active Matrix, Activity Monitoring, Amharic, Anti-Material, Avtomaticheskiy Minomet 'Vasilek' (Vehicle-mounted automatic mortar (Russia)), amatol, anno mundi, ante meridian (before noon in time), Access Manway, Ante Meridiem, before noon, Associate Member, Master of Arts, Air Methods (крупнейшая в мире компания воздушной (вертолетной) скорой помощи) (http://www.airmethods.com), Adeptus Mechanicus (game), AeroMexico (IATA Airline Code), Aeronautica Militare (Italian Air Force), Against Me! (band), Agencia de Monitoreo (Guatemala, security agency), Agent Metal (music composition group), Aide Me'moire (French:memorandum), Al-Muhajiroun, Alanis Morissette, Alma Mater, Alonzo Mourning (basketball player), Alpes-Maritimes, AlterMeta (web comic discussion), Alyssa Milano, Amazonas (Brazil), American Morning (CNN Morning Show), American Motors (purchased by Chrysler), Amplitud Modulada (Guatemala radio frequency), Analog Maintenance (Nortel), Anillo Metropolitano (Guatemala region), Animation Master (3d animation software), Annie Man (Hong Kong actress), Antrim (Ireland), Appliance Manufacturer Magazine, Armenia (top-level domain), Aston Martin, Atlantic Microsystems (Bell Atlantic & Nynex Wireless Cable), Attometer (10 E^-18, one quintillionth), Audit Manager, Auricularis Muscle, Authorized Messenger, Auto Map, Automated MICAP, Automation Module, Automod (defunct GameFAQs feature), Ave Maria (Latin: Hail Mary), Member of the Order of Australia, absent minded, accelerated math, access macro virus, access method (метод доступа), access module, accommodation manager, account manager, accounting management, accounts maintenance, accounts manager, accredited member, achievement medal, acknowledge message, acoustic-magnetic, acquisition management/manager, acrylamide, actinomycosis (skin disease), action man (cartoon series), action memorandum, activation manager, active mode, activity manager, adaptive multiplexer, address management (usps), address modifier, adhesion molecule, advance mission, advanced mission (также название игры), afore mentioned, after market, age-matched (Z-score used in conjunction with DEXA scan reports), aggressive mechanism, agile methodology, agile modeling, agricultural and mechanical, air mobile, airborne mapping, airfield matting, airmail, airway manual, alarm module, alaskan malamute (dog breed), alternate mode, alternating magnetic, alveolar macrophages, ambulance module, amen (epigraphy), amplitude modulation (амплитудная модуляция), analog multiplexer, analysis manager, ancient modulation (humor), annuity mortgage, ante meridian, ante meridiem (с полуночи до полудня), application management, application manager, application mediation, application mediators, apre`s-midi (french: afternoon), arch mage (gaming), architecture manager (intel), arctic monkeys (uk band), area map (faa artcc mapping of sector suites to an area), arithmetic mean, army management, arranged marriage, artium magister (Latin: master of arts), assembly management, assembly member, asset management, assistant manager, asymmetric multiplier (NIOSH), asynchronous mode, auxiliary module, auxiliary motor, aviation medicine, aviation structural mechanic (USN Rating), away message (instant messaging)

19) Университет: Age Major

20) Физиология: Adult male, Before Noon, In the Morning, before Noon

21) Электроника: Alpha Male, Analog Modeling, Analog Monolithic

22) Вычислительная техника: Active Matrix (LCD), Ante Meridiem (before noon), амплитудная модуляция, ante meridiem, внешнее запоминающее устройство

23) Картография: Army Map (Service edition)

24) Биотехнология: Acetoxymethyl (ацетоксиметил)

25) Геофизика: АМ

26) Силикатное производство: aluminum modulus, arc melting

27) Фирменный знак: Allied Master

28) Деловая лексика: Account Management

29) Бурение: буквенное обозначение нестандартной алмазной коронки для бурения с промывкой глинистым раствором, 1, 861 X 1,062"

30) Глоссарий компании Сахалин Энерджи: normal spacing

31) Образование: Applied Mathematics I & II

32) Сетевые технологии: LCD active matrix liquid-crystal display, associative memory, auxiliary memory

33) Полимеры: asbestos mat, automatic-manual

34) Автоматика: administrative module

35) Авиационная медицина: aerospace medicine

36) Макаров: amplitude-modulated, (amplitude modulation) АМ (амплитудная манипуляция)

37) Нефть и газ: application module

38) Электротехника: amplifier

39) Hi-Fi. обозначение в электронных часах с 12-часовым режимом времени до полудня, амплитудная модуляция (используется при радиопередаче в диапазонах ДВ, СВ и КВ. Также общее обозначение всех или части этих диапазонов в тюнере)

40) Общественная организация: Amor Ministries

41) Должность: Administration Manager, Ancient Mariner

42) Чат: Anytime Maybe

43) NYSE. American Greetings Corporation

Универсальный англо-русский словарь > am
14 Artificial Intelligence

   1) Programs and the Complexity of Human Mental Processes

   In my opinion, none of [these programs] does even remote justice to the complexity of human mental processes. Unlike men, "artificially intelligent" programs tend to be single minded, undistractable, and unemotional. (Neisser, 1967, p. 9)

   2) Artificial Intelligence Is an Engineering Discipline

   Future progress in [artificial intelligence] will depend on the development of both practical and theoretical knowledge.... As regards theoretical knowledge, some have sought a unified theory of artificial intelligence. My view is that artificial intelligence is (or soon will be) an engineering discipline since its primary goal is to build things. (Nilsson, 1971, pp. vii-viii)

   3) A Sceptical View of Artificial Intelligence

   Most workers in AI [artificial intelligence] research and in related fields confess to a pronounced feeling of disappointment in what has been achieved in the last 25 years. Workers entered the field around 1950, and even around 1960, with high hopes that are very far from being realized in 1972. In no part of the field have the discoveries made so far produced the major impact that was then promised.... In the meantime, claims and predictions regarding the potential results of AI research had been publicized which went even farther than the expectations of the majority of workers in the field, whose embarrassments have been added to by the lamentable failure of such inﬂated predictions....

   When able and respected scientists write in letters to the present author that AI, the major goal of computing science, represents "another step in the general process of evolution"; that possibilities in the 1980s include an all-purpose intelligence on a human-scale knowledge base; that awe-inspiring possibilities suggest themselves based on machine intelligence exceeding human intelligence by the year 2000 [one has the right to be skeptical]. (Lighthill, 1972, p. 17)

   4) Just as Astronomy Succeeded Astrology, the Discovery of Intellectual Processes in Machines Should Lead to a Science, Eventually

   Just as astronomy succeeded astrology, following Kepler's discovery of planetary regularities, the discoveries of these many principles in empirical explorations on intellectual processes in machines should lead to a science, eventually. (Minsky & Papert, 1973, p. 11)

   5) Problems in Machine Intelligence Arise Because Things Obvious to Any Person Are Not Represented in the Program

   Many problems arise in experiments on machine intelligence because things obvious to any person are not represented in any program. One can pull with a string, but one cannot push with one.... Simple facts like these caused serious problems when Charniak attempted to extend Bobrow's "Student" program to more realistic applications, and they have not been faced up to until now. (Minsky & Papert, 1973, p. 77)

   6) The Meaning of a Symbolic Description

   What do we mean by [a symbolic] "description"? We do not mean to suggest that our descriptions must be made of strings of ordinary language words (although they might be). The simplest kind of description is a structure in which some features of a situation are represented by single ("primitive") symbols, and relations between those features are represented by other symbols-or by other features of the way the description is put together. (Minsky & Papert, 1973, p. 11)

   7) The Principle of Artificial Intelligence

   [AI is] the use of computer programs and programming techniques to cast light on the principles of intelligence in general and human thought in particular. (Boden, 1977, p. 5)

   8) Artificial Intelligence Recognizes the Need for Knowledge in Its Systems

   The word you look for and hardly ever see in the early AI literature is the word knowledge. They didn't believe you have to know anything, you could always rework it all.... In fact 1967 is the turning point in my mind when there was enough feeling that the old ideas of general principles had to go.... I came up with an argument for what I called the primacy of expertise, and at the time I called the other guys the generalists. (Moses, quoted in McCorduck, 1979, pp. 228-229)

   9) Artificial Intelligence Is Psychology in a Particularly Pure and Abstract Form

   The basic idea of cognitive science is that intelligent beings are semantic engines-in other words, automatic formal systems with interpretations under which they consistently make sense. We can now see why this includes psychology and artificial intelligence on a more or less equal footing: people and intelligent computers (if and when there are any) turn out to be merely different manifestations of the same underlying phenomenon. Moreover, with universal hardware, any semantic engine can in principle be formally imitated by a computer if only the right program can be found. And that will guarantee semantic imitation as well, since (given the appropriate formal behavior) the semantics is "taking care of itself" anyway. Thus we also see why, from this perspective, artificial intelligence can be regarded as psychology in a particularly pure and abstract form. The same fundamental structures are under investigation, but in AI, all the relevant parameters are under direct experimental control (in the programming), without any messy physiology or ethics to get in the way. (Haugeland, 1981b, p. 31)

    10) There Are Many Types of Reasoning

   There are many different kinds of reasoning one might imagine:

    Formal reasoning involves the syntactic manipulation of data structures to deduce new ones following prespecified rules of inference. Mathematical logic is the archetypical formal representation. Procedural reasoning uses simulation to answer questions and solve problems. When we use a program to answer What is the sum of 3 and 4? it uses, or "runs," a procedural model of arithmetic. Reasoning by analogy seems to be a very natural mode of thought for humans but, so far, difficult to accomplish in AI programs. The idea is that when you ask the question Can robins ﬂy? the system might reason that "robins are like sparrows, and I know that sparrows can ﬂy, so robins probably can ﬂy."

    Generalization and abstraction are also natural reasoning process for humans that are difficult to pin down well enough to implement in a program. If one knows that Robins have wings, that Sparrows have wings, and that Blue jays have wings, eventually one will believe that All birds have wings. This capability may be at the core of most human learning, but it has not yet become a useful technique in AI.... Meta- level reasoning is demonstrated by the way one answers the question What is Paul Newman's telephone number? You might reason that "if I knew Paul Newman's number, I would know that I knew it, because it is a notable fact." This involves using "knowledge about what you know," in particular, about the extent of your knowledge and about the importance of certain facts. Recent research in psychology and AI indicates that meta-level reasoning may play a central role in human cognitive processing. (Barr & Feigenbaum, 1981, pp. 146-147)

    11) Programs Are Beginning to Do Things That Critics Have Asserted to Be Impossible

   Suffice it to say that programs already exist that can do things-or, at the very least, appear to be beginning to do things-which ill-informed critics have asserted a priori to be impossible. Examples include: perceiving in a holistic as opposed to an atomistic way; using language creatively; translating sensibly from one language to another by way of a language-neutral semantic representation; planning acts in a broad and sketchy fashion, the details being decided only in execution; distinguishing between different species of emotional reaction according to the psychological context of the subject. (Boden, 1981, p. 33)

    12) The Synthesis of Man and Machine

   Can the synthesis of Man and Machine ever be stable, or will the purely organic component become such a hindrance that it has to be discarded? If this eventually happens-and I have... good reasons for thinking that it must-we have nothing to regret and certainly nothing to fear. (Clarke, 1984, p. 243)

    13) The Thesis of Good Old-Fashioned Artificial Intelligence (GOFAI)

   The thesis of GOFAI... is not that the processes underlying intelligence can be described symbolically... but that they are symbolic. (Haugeland, 1985, p. 113)

    14) Artificial Intelligence Provides a Useful Approach to Psychological and Psychiatric Theory Formation

   It is all very well formulating psychological and psychiatric theories verbally but, when using natural language (even technical jargon), it is difficult to recognise when a theory is complete; oversights are all too easily made, gaps too readily left. This is a point which is generally recognised to be true and it is for precisely this reason that the behavioural sciences attempt to follow the natural sciences in using "classical" mathematics as a more rigorous descriptive language. However, it is an unfortunate fact that, with a few notable exceptions, there has been a marked lack of success in this application. It is my belief that a different approach-a different mathematics-is needed, and that AI provides just this approach. (Hand, quoted in Hand, 1985, pp. 6-7)

    15) Four Kinds of Artificial Intelligence

   We might distinguish among four kinds of AI.

   ♦ Nonpsychological AI

   Research of this kind involves building and programming computers to perform tasks which, to paraphrase Marvin Minsky, would require intelligence if they were done by us. Researchers in nonpsychological AI make no claims whatsoever about the psychological realism of their programs or the devices they build, that is, about whether or not computers perform tasks as humans do.

   ♦ Weak Psychological AI

   Research here is guided by the view that the computer is a useful tool in the study of mind. In particular, we can write computer programs or build devices that simulate alleged psychological processes in humans and then test our predictions about how the alleged processes work. We can weave these programs and devices together with other programs and devices that simulate different alleged mental processes and thereby test the degree to which the AI system as a whole simulates human mentality. According to weak psychological AI, working with computer models is a way of refining and testing hypotheses about processes that are allegedly realized in human minds.

   ♦ Strong Psychological AI

... According to this view, our minds are computers and therefore can be duplicated by other computers. Sherry Turkle writes that the "real ambition is of mythic proportions, making a general purpose intelligence, a mind." (Turkle, 1984, p. 240) The authors of a major text announce that "the ultimate goal of AI research is to build a person or, more humbly, an animal." (Charniak & McDermott, 1985, p. 7)

   ♦ Suprapsychological AI

   Research in this field, like strong psychological AI, takes seriously the functionalist view that mentality can be realized in many different types of physical devices. Suprapsychological AI, however, accuses strong psychological AI of being chauvinisticof being only interested in human intelligence! Suprapsychological AI claims to be interested in all the conceivable ways intelligence can be realized. (Flanagan, 1991, pp. 241-242)

    16) Determination of Relevance of Rules in Particular Contexts

   Even if the [rules] were stored in a context-free form the computer still couldn't use them. To do that the computer requires rules enabling it to draw on just those [ rules] which are relevant in each particular context. Determination of relevance will have to be based on further facts and rules, but the question will again arise as to which facts and rules are relevant for making each particular determination. One could always invoke further facts and rules to answer this question, but of course these must be only the relevant ones. And so it goes. It seems that AI workers will never be able to get started here unless they can settle the problem of relevance beforehand by cataloguing types of context and listing just those facts which are relevant in each. (Dreyfus & Dreyfus, 1986, p. 80)

    17) Form and Content Are Not Fundamentally Different

   Perhaps the single most important idea to artificial intelligence is that there is no fundamental difference between form and content, that meaning can be captured in a set of symbols such as a semantic net. (G. Johnson, 1986, p. 250)

    18) The Assumption That the Mind Is a Formal System

   Artificial intelligence is based on the assumption that the mind can be described as some kind of formal system manipulating symbols that stand for things in the world. Thus it doesn't matter what the brain is made of, or what it uses for tokens in the great game of thinking. Using an equivalent set of tokens and rules, we can do thinking with a digital computer, just as we can play chess using cups, salt and pepper shakers, knives, forks, and spoons. Using the right software, one system (the mind) can be mapped into the other (the computer). (G. Johnson, 1986, p. 250)

    19) A Statement of the Primary and Secondary Purposes of Artificial Intelligence

   The primary goal of Artificial Intelligence is to make machines smarter.

   The secondary goals of Artificial Intelligence are to understand what intelligence is (the Nobel laureate purpose) and to make machines more useful (the entrepreneurial purpose). (Winston, 1987, p. 1)

    20) Mathematical Logic Provides the Basis for Theory in AI

   The theoretical ideas of older branches of engineering are captured in the language of mathematics. We contend that mathematical logic provides the basis for theory in AI. Although many computer scientists already count logic as fundamental to computer science in general, we put forward an even stronger form of the logic-is-important argument....

   AI deals mainly with the problem of representing and using declarative (as opposed to procedural) knowledge. Declarative knowledge is the kind that is expressed as sentences, and AI needs a language in which to state these sentences. Because the languages in which this knowledge usually is originally captured (natural languages such as English) are not suitable for computer representations, some other language with the appropriate properties must be used. It turns out, we think, that the appropriate properties include at least those that have been uppermost in the minds of logicians in their development of logical languages such as the predicate calculus. Thus, we think that any language for expressing knowledge in AI systems must be at least as expressive as the first-order predicate calculus. (Genesereth & Nilsson, 1987, p. viii)

    21) Perceptual Structures Can Be Represented as Lists of Elementary Propositions

   In artificial intelligence studies, perceptual structures are represented as assemblages of description lists, the elementary components of which are propositions asserting that certain relations hold among elements. (Chase & Simon, 1988, p. 490)

    22) Definitions of Artificial Intelligence

   Artificial intelligence (AI) is sometimes defined as the study of how to build and/or program computers to enable them to do the sorts of things that minds can do. Some of these things are commonly regarded as requiring intelligence: offering a medical diagnosis and/or prescription, giving legal or scientific advice, proving theorems in logic or mathematics. Others are not, because they can be done by all normal adults irrespective of educational background (and sometimes by non-human animals too), and typically involve no conscious control: seeing things in sunlight and shadows, finding a path through cluttered terrain, fitting pegs into holes, speaking one's own native tongue, and using one's common sense. Because it covers AI research dealing with both these classes of mental capacity, this definition is preferable to one describing AI as making computers do "things that would require intelligence if done by people." However, it presupposes that computers could do what minds can do, that they might really diagnose, advise, infer, and understand. One could avoid this problematic assumption (and also side-step questions about whether computers do things in the same way as we do) by defining AI instead as "the development of computers whose observable performance has features which in humans we would attribute to mental processes." This bland characterization would be acceptable to some AI workers, especially amongst those focusing on the production of technological tools for commercial purposes. But many others would favour a more controversial definition, seeing AI as the science of intelligence in general-or, more accurately, as the intellectual core of cognitive science. As such, its goal is to provide a systematic theory that can explain (and perhaps enable us to replicate) both the general categories of intentionality and the diverse psychological capacities grounded in them. (Boden, 1990b, pp. 1-2)

    23) The Computer Can Not Be a Model of the Mind

   Because the ability to store data somewhat corresponds to what we call memory in human beings, and because the ability to follow logical procedures somewhat corresponds to what we call reasoning in human beings, many members of the cult have concluded that what computers do somewhat corresponds to what we call thinking. It is no great difficulty to persuade the general public of that conclusion since computers process data very fast in small spaces well below the level of visibility; they do not look like other machines when they are at work. They seem to be running along as smoothly and silently as the brain does when it remembers and reasons and thinks. On the other hand, those who design and build computers know exactly how the machines are working down in the hidden depths of their semiconductors. Computers can be taken apart, scrutinized, and put back together. Their activities can be tracked, analyzed, measured, and thus clearly understood-which is far from possible with the brain. This gives rise to the tempting assumption on the part of the builders and designers that computers can tell us something about brains, indeed, that the computer can serve as a model of the mind, which then comes to be seen as some manner of information processing machine, and possibly not as good at the job as the machine. (Roszak, 1994, pp. xiv-xv)

    24) Computers Will Not Always Be Inferior to Human Brains

   The inner workings of the human mind are far more intricate than the most complicated systems of modern technology. Researchers in the field of artificial intelligence have been attempting to develop programs that will enable computers to display intelligent behavior. Although this field has been an active one for more than thirty-five years and has had many notable successes, AI researchers still do not know how to create a program that matches human intelligence. No existing program can recall facts, solve problems, reason, learn, and process language with human facility. This lack of success has occurred not because computers are inferior to human brains but rather because we do not yet know in sufficient detail how intelligence is organized in the brain. (Anderson, 1995, p. 2)

Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Artificial Intelligence
15 ALM

1) Общая лексика: Asset and liability management

2) Военный термин: advanced list of materials, air-launched missile

3) Шутливое выражение: Another Loose Microchip

4) Железнодорожный термин: Arkansas Louisiana and Mississippi Railroad Company

5) Юридический термин: American Lawyer Media

6) Грубое выражение: Another Lonely Man

7) Сокращение: Air Loadmaster (UK Royal Air Force)

8) Университет: A Laboratory Mistake

9) Вычислительная техника: Asynchronous Line Module, Asynchronous Line Multiplexer, Application / Appware Loadable Module (Novell, Netware), звуковой сигнал предупреждения (об опасности)

10) Биохимия: Applied Laboratory Methods

11) Транспорт: Always Luggage Missing

12) Образование: Adults Learning Mathematics

13) Сетевые технологии: AppWare Loadable Module, Application Loadable Module

14) Макаров: administration and logistics manager

15) Расширение файла: All Luggage Missing

16) США: Arkansas, Louisiana, And Mississippi

17) Общественная организация: Arts League of Michigan

18) Аэропорты: Alamogordo, New Mexico USA

19) Программное обеспечение: Application Lifecycle Management

Универсальный англо-русский словарь > ALM
16 APM

1) Компьютерная техника: Adaptive Power Management, Application Page Module, Application Performance Management, Assignable Program Modulation

2) Авиация: Aircraft Performance Monitoring

3) Спорт: Arm Power Management

4) Военный термин: Air Provost Marshal, Allied Long Lines Agency Plenary Meeting, Army Provost Marshal, Army program memorandum, Assistant Provost Marshal, acquisition project manager, advanced penetration model, alarm panel monitor, antenna positioning mechanism, antipersonnel mine, antipersonnel missile, antipersonnel munitions, assistant paymaster, assistant project manager

5) Техника: All Purpose Machine, advanced power management-BIOS interface specification, air particulate monitor, aluminum powder metallurgy, analog processor module, apomict, assistant plant manager, auxiliary processing machine

6) Шутливое выражение: Anti Patter Matchers, Average Pink Man

7) Математика: Arbitrary Precision Mathematics

8) Религия: Annual Parish Meeting

9) Бухгалтерия: Accounts Payable Maintenance

10) Автомобильный термин: Air Product Manager

11) Биржевой термин: arbitrage pricing model

12) Музыка: Asian Pop Music

13) Сокращение: Air Power Management, Anti-Personnel Mine, Ascent Particle Monitor (USA)

14) Университет: Applied Process Material, Art Project Management

15) Физика: Absolute Proper Motion, Associated Particle Method

16) Вычислительная техника: улучшенное регулирование расхода энергии, усовершенствованное управление питанием, Application Programming Model (J2EE)

17) Транспорт: All Pilots Meeting, Automated People Mover, Automotive Playback Modules

18) Пищевая промышленность: Automatic Plate Machine

19) Образование: Awareness Progress Motivation

20) Сетевые технологии: advanced power management

21) Автоматика: automatic pallet magazine, Alternating Pulse Modulation

22) Химическое оружие: Assistant Program Manager

23) Авиационная медицина: Air Force Manual

24) Интернет: associated product materials

25) Расширение файла: Advanced Power Management (IBM)

26) Нефть и газ: advanced process manager

27) МИД: antipersonnel mines

28) Электротехника: aluminum powder material

29) Общественная организация: AIDS Partnership Michigan, Associated Professional Member

30) НАСА: Antenna Pointing Mechanism

31) Программное обеспечение: Automatic People Manager

32) Единицы измерений: Actions Per Melee, Actions Per Minute

Универсальный англо-русский словарь > APM
17 Alm

1) Общая лексика: Asset and liability management

2) Военный термин: advanced list of materials, air-launched missile

3) Шутливое выражение: Another Loose Microchip

4) Железнодорожный термин: Arkansas Louisiana and Mississippi Railroad Company

5) Юридический термин: American Lawyer Media

6) Грубое выражение: Another Lonely Man

7) Сокращение: Air Loadmaster (UK Royal Air Force)

8) Университет: A Laboratory Mistake

9) Вычислительная техника: Asynchronous Line Module, Asynchronous Line Multiplexer, Application / Appware Loadable Module (Novell, Netware), звуковой сигнал предупреждения (об опасности)

10) Биохимия: Applied Laboratory Methods

11) Транспорт: Always Luggage Missing

12) Образование: Adults Learning Mathematics

13) Сетевые технологии: AppWare Loadable Module, Application Loadable Module

14) Макаров: administration and logistics manager

15) Расширение файла: All Luggage Missing

16) США: Arkansas, Louisiana, And Mississippi

17) Общественная организация: Arts League of Michigan

18) Аэропорты: Alamogordo, New Mexico USA

19) Программное обеспечение: Application Lifecycle Management

Универсальный англо-русский словарь > Alm
18 alm

1) Общая лексика: Asset and liability management

2) Военный термин: advanced list of materials, air-launched missile

3) Шутливое выражение: Another Loose Microchip

4) Железнодорожный термин: Arkansas Louisiana and Mississippi Railroad Company

5) Юридический термин: American Lawyer Media

6) Грубое выражение: Another Lonely Man

7) Сокращение: Air Loadmaster (UK Royal Air Force)

8) Университет: A Laboratory Mistake

9) Вычислительная техника: Asynchronous Line Module, Asynchronous Line Multiplexer, Application / Appware Loadable Module (Novell, Netware), звуковой сигнал предупреждения (об опасности)

10) Биохимия: Applied Laboratory Methods

11) Транспорт: Always Luggage Missing

12) Образование: Adults Learning Mathematics

13) Сетевые технологии: AppWare Loadable Module, Application Loadable Module

14) Макаров: administration and logistics manager

15) Расширение файла: All Luggage Missing

16) США: Arkansas, Louisiana, And Mississippi

17) Общественная организация: Arts League of Michigan

18) Аэропорты: Alamogordo, New Mexico USA

19) Программное обеспечение: Application Lifecycle Management

Универсальный англо-русский словарь > alm
19 apm

1) Компьютерная техника: Adaptive Power Management, Application Page Module, Application Performance Management, Assignable Program Modulation

2) Авиация: Aircraft Performance Monitoring

3) Спорт: Arm Power Management

4) Военный термин: Air Provost Marshal, Allied Long Lines Agency Plenary Meeting, Army Provost Marshal, Army program memorandum, Assistant Provost Marshal, acquisition project manager, advanced penetration model, alarm panel monitor, antenna positioning mechanism, antipersonnel mine, antipersonnel missile, antipersonnel munitions, assistant paymaster, assistant project manager

5) Техника: All Purpose Machine, advanced power management-BIOS interface specification, air particulate monitor, aluminum powder metallurgy, analog processor module, apomict, assistant plant manager, auxiliary processing machine

6) Шутливое выражение: Anti Patter Matchers, Average Pink Man

7) Математика: Arbitrary Precision Mathematics

8) Религия: Annual Parish Meeting

9) Бухгалтерия: Accounts Payable Maintenance

10) Автомобильный термин: Air Product Manager

11) Биржевой термин: arbitrage pricing model

12) Музыка: Asian Pop Music

13) Сокращение: Air Power Management, Anti-Personnel Mine, Ascent Particle Monitor (USA)

14) Университет: Applied Process Material, Art Project Management

15) Физика: Absolute Proper Motion, Associated Particle Method

16) Вычислительная техника: улучшенное регулирование расхода энергии, усовершенствованное управление питанием, Application Programming Model (J2EE)

17) Транспорт: All Pilots Meeting, Automated People Mover, Automotive Playback Modules

18) Пищевая промышленность: Automatic Plate Machine

19) Образование: Awareness Progress Motivation

20) Сетевые технологии: advanced power management

21) Автоматика: automatic pallet magazine, Alternating Pulse Modulation

22) Химическое оружие: Assistant Program Manager

23) Авиационная медицина: Air Force Manual

24) Интернет: associated product materials

25) Расширение файла: Advanced Power Management (IBM)

26) Нефть и газ: advanced process manager

27) МИД: antipersonnel mines

28) Электротехника: aluminum powder material

29) Общественная организация: AIDS Partnership Michigan, Associated Professional Member

30) НАСА: Antenna Pointing Mechanism

31) Программное обеспечение: Automatic People Manager

32) Единицы измерений: Actions Per Melee, Actions Per Minute

Универсальный англо-русский словарь > apm
20 Language

   1) The Book of Nature Is Written in the Language of Mathematics

   Philosophy is written in that great book, the universe, which is always open, right before our eyes. But one cannot understand this book without first learning to understand the language and to know the characters in which it is written. It is written in the language of mathematics, and the characters are triangles, circles, and other figures. Without these, one cannot understand a single word of it, and just wanders in a dark labyrinth. (Galileo, 1990, p. 232)

   2) Arranging Speech so as to Reply Appropriately

   It never happens that it [a nonhuman animal] arranges its speech in various ways in order to reply appropriately to everything that may be said in its presence, as even the lowest type of man can do. (Descartes, 1970a, p. 116)

   3) No Other Animal Has the Language Capacity of the Human

   It is a very remarkable fact that there are none so depraved and stupid, without even excepting idiots, that they cannot arrange different words together, forming of them a statement by which they make known their thoughts; while, on the other hand, there is no other animal, however perfect and fortunately circumstanced it may be, which can do the same. (Descartes, 1967, p. 116)

   4) Human Beings Do Not Live Only in the World of Objects

   Human beings do not live in the object world alone, nor alone in the world of social activity as ordinarily understood, but are very much at the mercy of the particular language which has become the medium of expression for their society. It is quite an illusion to imagine that one adjusts to reality essentially without the use of language and that language is merely an incidental means of solving specific problems of communication or reﬂection. The fact of the matter is that the "real world" is to a large extent unconsciously built on the language habits of the group.... We see and hear and otherwise experience very largely as we do because the language habits of our community predispose certain choices of interpretation. (Sapir, 1921, p. 75)

   5) Language Powerfully Conditions All Our Thinking

   It powerfully conditions all our thinking about social problems and processes.... No two languages are ever sufficiently similar to be considered as representing the same social reality. The worlds in which different societies live are distinct worlds, not merely the same worlds with different labels attached. (Sapir, 1985, p. 162)

   6) A List of Language Games

   [A list of language games, not meant to be exhaustive:]

   Giving orders, and obeying them- Describing the appearance of an object, or giving its measurements- Constructing an object from a description (a drawing)Reporting an eventSpeculating about an eventForming and testing a hypothesisPresenting the results of an experiment in tables and diagramsMaking up a story; and reading itPlay actingSinging catchesGuessing riddlesMaking a joke; and telling it

   Solving a problem in practical arithmeticTranslating from one language into another

   LANGUAGE Asking, thanking, cursing, greeting, and praying-. (Wittgenstein, 1953, Pt. I, No. 23, pp. 11 e-12 e)

   7) Language Constrains Certain Modes of Interpretation

   We dissect nature along lines laid down by our native languages.... The world is presented in a kaleidoscopic ﬂux of impressions which has to be organized by our minds-and this means largely by the linguistic systems in our minds.... No individual is free to describe nature with absolute impartiality but is constrained to certain modes of interpretation even while he thinks himself most free. (Whorf, 1956, pp. 153, 213-214)

   8) We Dissect Nature in Accordance with Our Native Languages

   We dissect nature along the lines laid down by our native languages.

   The categories and types that we isolate from the world of phenomena we do not find there because they stare every observer in the face; on the contrary, the world is presented in a kaleidoscopic ﬂux of impressions which has to be organized by our minds-and this means largely by the linguistic systems in our minds.... We are thus introduced to a new principle of relativity, which holds that all observers are not led by the same physical evidence to the same picture of the universe, unless their linguistic backgrounds are similar or can in some way be calibrated. (Whorf, 1956, pp. 213-214)

   9) The Forms of a Person's Thoughts Are Controlled by Unperceived Patterns of His Own Language

   The forms of a person's thoughts are controlled by inexorable laws of pattern of which he is unconscious. These patterns are the unperceived intricate systematizations of his own language-shown readily enough by a candid comparison and contrast with other languages, especially those of a different linguistic family. (Whorf, 1956, p. 252)

    10) The Analysis of Certain Types of Utterances

   It has come to be commonly held that many utterances which look like statements are either not intended at all, or only intended in part, to record or impart straightforward information about the facts.... Many traditional philosophical perplexities have arisen through a mistake-the mistake of taking as straightforward statements of fact utterances which are either (in interesting non-grammatical ways) nonsensical or else intended as something quite different. (Austin, 1962, pp. 2-3)

    11) The Dictionary of a Language Is a System of Concepts

   In general, one might define a complex of semantic components connected by logical constants as a concept. The dictionary of a language is then a system of concepts in which a phonological form and certain syntactic and morphological characteristics are assigned to each concept. This system of concepts is structured by several types of relations. It is supplemented, furthermore, by redundancy or implicational rules..., representing general properties of the whole system of concepts.... At least a relevant part of these general rules is not bound to particular languages, but represents presumably universal structures of natural languages. They are not learned, but are rather a part of the human ability to acquire an arbitrary natural language. (Bierwisch, 1970, pp. 171-172)

    12) Talk about the Evolution of the Language Capacity is Beside the Point

   In studying the evolution of mind, we cannot guess to what extent there are physically possible alternatives to, say, transformational generative grammar, for an organism meeting certain other physical conditions characteristic of humans. Conceivably, there are none-or very few-in which case talk about evolution of the language capacity is beside the point. (Chomsky, 1972, p. 98)

    13) The Development of Language

   [It is] truth value rather than syntactic well-formedness that chieﬂy governs explicit verbal reinforcement by parents-which renders mildly paradoxical the fact that the usual product of such a training schedule is an adult whose speech is highly grammatical but not notably truthful. (R. O. Brown, 1973, p. 330)

    14) Sentential and Conceptual Levels in Language

   he conceptual base is responsible for formally representing the concepts underlying an utterance.... A given word in a language may or may not have one or more concepts underlying it.... On the sentential level, the utterances of a given language are encoded within a syntactic structure of that language. The basic construction of the sentential level is the sentence.

   The next highest level... is the conceptual level. We call the basic construction of this level the conceptualization. A conceptualization consists of concepts and certain relations among those concepts. We can consider that both levels exist at the same point in time and that for any unit on one level, some corresponding realizate exists on the other level. This realizate may be null or extremely complex.... Conceptualizations may relate to other conceptualizations by nesting or other specified relationships. (Schank, 1973, pp. 191-192)

    15) Linguistic Realities Have Not Yet Been Captured by Theoretical Models

   The mathematics of multi-dimensional interactive spaces and lattices, the projection of "computer behavior" on to possible models of cerebral functions, the theoretical and mechanical investigation of artificial intelligence, are producing a stream of sophisticated, often suggestive ideas.

   But it is, I believe, fair to say that nothing put forward until now in either theoretic design or mechanical mimicry comes even remotely in reach of the most rudimentary linguistic realities. (Steiner, 1975, p. 284)

    16) The Final Steps to Human Language

   The step from the simple tool to the master tool, a tool to make tools (what we would now call a machine tool), seems to me indeed to parallel the final step to human language, which I call reconstitution. It expresses in a practical and social context the same understanding of hierarchy, and shows the same analysis by function as a basis for synthesis. (Bronowski, 1977, pp. 127-128)

    17) The Inadequacy of Formal Linguistic Models for Ordinary Language Usage

    t is the language donn eґ in which we conduct our lives.... We have no other. And the danger is that formal linguistic models, in their loosely argued analogy with the axiomatic structure of the mathematical sciences, may block perception.... It is quite conceivable that, in language, continuous induction from simple, elemental units to more complex, realistic forms is not justified. The extent and formal "undecidability" of context-and every linguistic particle above the level of the phoneme is context-bound-may make it impossible, except in the most abstract, meta-linguistic sense, to pass from "pro-verbs," "kernals," or "deep deep structures" to actual speech. (Steiner, 1975, pp. 111-113)

    18) When a Language Is an Abstract Machine

   A higher-level formal language is an abstract machine. (Weizenbaum, 1976, p. 113)

    19) Metaphor and Metonymy Underpin the Formation of Linguistic Signs

   Jakobson sees metaphor and metonymy as the characteristic modes of binarily opposed polarities which between them underpin the two-fold process of selection and combination by which linguistic signs are formed.... Thus messages are constructed, as Saussure said, by a combination of a "horizontal" movement, which combines words together, and a "vertical" movement, which selects the particular words from the available inventory or "inner storehouse" of the language. The combinative (or syntagmatic) process manifests itself in contiguity (one word being placed next to another) and its mode is metonymic. The selective (or associative) process manifests itself in similarity (one word or concept being "like" another) and its mode is metaphoric. The "opposition" of metaphor and metonymy therefore may be said to represent in effect the essence of the total opposition between the synchronic mode of language (its immediate, coexistent, "vertical" relationships) and its diachronic mode (its sequential, successive, lineal progressive relationships). (Hawkes, 1977, pp. 77-78)

    20) Language and the Analysis of Nature

   It is striking that the layered structure that man has given to language constantly reappears in his analyses of nature. (Bronowski, 1977, p. 121)

    21) Correspondence Rules for Mapping Old Theory into Subsets of New Theory

   First, [an ideal intertheoretic reduction] provides us with a set of rules"correspondence rules" or "bridge laws," as the standard vernacular has it-which effect a mapping of the terms of the old theory (T o) onto a subset of the expressions of the new or reducing theory (T n). These rules guide the application of those selected expressions of T n in the following way: we are free to make singular applications of their correspondencerule doppelgangers in T o....

   Second, and equally important, a successful reduction ideally has the outcome that, under the term mapping effected by the correspondence rules, the central principles of T o (those of semantic and systematic importance) are mapped onto general sentences of T n that are theorems of Tn. (P. Churchland, 1979, p. 81)

    22) The Inclusion of Non- linguistic Factors in a Theory of Grammar

   If non-linguistic factors must be included in grammar: beliefs, attitudes, etc. [this would] amount to a rejection of the initial idealization of language as an object of study. A priori such a move cannot be ruled out, but it must be empirically motivated. If it proves to be correct, I would conclude that language is a chaos that is not worth studying.... Note that the question is not whether beliefs or attitudes, and so on, play a role in linguistic behavior and linguistic judgments... [but rather] whether distinct cognitive structures can be identified, which interact in the real use of language and linguistic judgments, the grammatical system being one of these. (Chomsky, 1979, pp. 140, 152-153)

    23) Language Is Inevitably Inﬂuenced by Specific Contexts of Human Interaction

   Language cannot be studied in isolation from the investigation of "rationality." It cannot afford to neglect our everyday assumptions concerning the total behavior of a reasonable person.... An integrational linguistics must recognize that human beings inhabit a communicational space which is not neatly compartmentalized into language and nonlanguage.... It renounces in advance the possibility of setting up systems of forms and meanings which will "account for" a central core of linguistic behavior irrespective of the situation and communicational purposes involved. (Harris, 1981, p. 165)

    24) The Genetic Blueprints of Language

   By innate [linguistic knowledge], Chomsky simply means "genetically programmed." He does not literally think that children are born with language in their heads ready to be spoken. He merely claims that a "blueprint is there, which is brought into use when the child reaches a certain point in her general development. With the help of this blueprint, she analyzes the language she hears around her more readily than she would if she were totally unprepared for the strange gabbling sounds which emerge from human mouths. (Aitchison, 1987, p. 31)

    25) Languages Are Machines

   Looking at ourselves from the computer viewpoint, we cannot avoid seeing that natural language is our most important "programming language." This means that a vast portion of our knowledge and activity is, for us, best communicated and understood in our natural language.... One could say that natural language was our first great original artifact and, since, as we increasingly realize, languages are machines, so natural language, with our brains to run it, was our primal invention of the universal computer. One could say this except for the sneaking suspicion that language isn't something we invented but something we became, not something we constructed but something in which we created, and recreated, ourselves. (Leiber, 1991, p. 8)

Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Language

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